Kenneth J. Weiss, M.D., F.C.P.P.
Imagine
getting this research protocol past your Institutional Review Board: “The
effects of peyote extract on the clinical judgment of physicians.” In an era
before modern medical ethics, when “primum
non nocere” was guided by intuition, physicians sometimes used
self-experimentation to study the effects of substances. But doctors? Seeing
patients?
When 19th century
anthropologists examined Native North American (Kiowa, Aztec, and Maya, for
example) rituals associated with eating peyote (Anhaloniun lewinii or Lophophora
williamsii) “buttons,” their reports stimulated the imaginations of
doctors. Plant extracts, after all, used for centuries in other cultures, could
have useful or even miraculous properties. Appreciating that the effects of
what soon became known as mescaline had not been studied systematically, Dr.
John Briggs tried it on himself in 1887. It made him physically ill and caused
a panic attack, which he treated with ammonia and whiskey. Then in 1895, Drs. Prentiss
and Morgan reported on the effects of the drug on adults in various states of
health. Its principal benefit appears to have been as an antidepressant and hypnotic.
L.
williamsii.
Photo by Peter A. Mansfield: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALophophora_williamsii_pm.jpg
Not satisfied with the bland
findings to date, a Philadelphia neurologist with outstanding literary flair
undertook to document his experiences with peyote extract, samples of which he
had obtained from Dr. Prentiss. It was none other than our own S. Weir
Mitchell, who published the results in the British
Medical Journal. The fearless Mitchell, already a pioneer in the science of
snake venom and neurological oddities, prepared to take notes. Knowing he had a
busy day planned on May 24, 1896, he ingested the extract at noon, and again at
1 PM. By 3 PM, he had facial flushing, pupillary
dilation, exhilaration, loquacity and gastric discomfort. Between 2 and 4 PM,
he conducted two consultations and saw several patients. Afterwards, he felt
confident: “I observed that with a pleasing sense of languor there was an
unusual amount of physical endurance.” At around 4:10 PM,
he drove home, by then seeing colors more vividly. On arrival, he ingested half
an ounce more and lay down to read. Then the main event commenced—euphoria and
visual hallucinations. He recalled, “…I had a certain sense of the things about
me as having a more positive existence than usual. It is not easy to define
what I mean, and at the time I searched my vocabulary for phrase or word which should
fitly state my feeling. It was in vain.”
Having the distinct sensation that
his mental powers had increased (“I seemed sure of victoriously dealing with
problems”), and likening his condition to that of “men when pretty far gone in
alcohol intoxication,” he took the next step: to test his mental powers. His
abilities to write, to comprehend, and to calculate were no keener than normal.
When he tried to produce some verse, it was great effort. Instead, he lay in a
darkened room, where he enjoyed a two-hour light show, followed by more complex
hallucinations. For example, “After an endless display of less beautiful
marvels, I saw that which deeply impressed me. An edge of a huge cliff seem[ed]
to project over a gulf of unseen depth. My viewless enchanter set on the brink
a huge bird claw of stone. Above, from the stem or leg, hung a fragment of some
stuff. This began to unroll and float out to a distance which seemed to me to
represent Time as well as immensity of Space. Here were miles of rippled purples,
half transparent, and of ineffable beauty. Now and then, soft golden clouds
floated from those folds, or a great shimmer went over the whole of the rolling
purples, and things, like green birds, fell from it, fluttering down into the
gulf below. Next, I saw clusters of stones hanging in masses from the claw toes,
as it seemed to me miles of them, down far below into the underworld of the
black gulf.”
Following these glorious displays,
Mitchell recorded a sober postscript: “These shows are expensive. For two days
I had a headache, and for one day a smart attack of gastric distress. This came
after the first dose, and was most uncomfortable. The experience, however, was
worth one such headache and indigestion, but was not worth a second.” Mitchell
likened the hallucinations to what had been reported by patients suffering from
ophthalmic migraines (“megrims”). Drawing from his own experience, he likened
the mescaline experience to the type of hallucinations experienced during early
sleep, adding that he was entirely unable to conjure such visions while he was under
the influence of the drug. All things considered, Mitchell concluded, “I see no
obvious therapeutic uses for mescal in massive doses. It is yet to be tested by
continuous employment in moderate amounts, and maybe of value.”
Dr. Mitchell’s English counterpart,
Dr. Havelock Ellis, reported his subjective findings in the Lancet in 1897 and in a popular magazine
in 1898: “Mescal: A New Artificial Paradise.” Psychedelic self-experimentation
lay dormant for a half century until author Aldous Huxley published his
mescaline exploits in The Doors of
Perception in 1954 (where The Doors got their name). Huxley went on the
explore LSD and helped promote interest in various uses of psychedelic drugs in
the 1960s. LSD, discovered accidentally by Albert Hofmann in 1943, had a
temporary run as a legal experimental drug, Delysid, starting in 1949.
Delysid’s package insert noted two indications: “Analytical: To elicit release
of repressed material and provide mental relaxation, particularly in anxiety
states and obsessional neuroses” and “Experimental: by taking Delysid himself,
the psychiatrist is able to gain insight into the world of ideas and sensations
of mental patients. Delysid also can be used to induct model psychoses of short
duration in more normal subjects, thus facilitating studies on the pathogenesis
of mental illness.” Hmmm.
Let’s raise a glass (of Madeira) to
our intrepid College Fellow, Dr. Mitchell. No guts, no glory.
